summarize what happens during interphase. be sure to include all three parts of interphase
- Jail cell Cycle: nuclear division, cytokinesis
- Parental prison cell: genetic copies of parental cell
- 3 procedure: checks/ regulators for each stride to ensure timely progression, replication process to synthesis DNA into two copies, interwoven "cables" and "motors" of mitotic cytoskeletons.
- Chromosomes: nuclear units of genetic data; Deoxyribonucleic acid molecules combined with proteins.
- In eukaryotes, heredity information of nucleus is distributed amid several linear molecules.
- Eukaryotes= diploid (2n); 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 chromosomes
- Ploidy: number of chromosomes sets
- Sis Chromatids: replication of DNA; identical molecules; precise division.
- Chromosome Segregation: equal distribution of daughter chromosomes to each of the two daughter cells
- Interphase: longest phase of cell cycle
- External factors that influence cells: signal molecules, hormones, growth factors, death factors; bind to surface of jail cell and trigger a reaction. Stimulate or inhibit phosphate groups from beingness added to CDK complexs; dull/ speed upwardly cell partitioning.
- G1 phase: growth stage, cell makes RNAs, proteins, other cellular molecules
- S phase: prison cell duplicates chromosomal proteins, DNA,
- G2 phase: continues to synthesis proteins/ RNA
- G1 phase, time in this phase tin vary in length in species. In one case DNA replication begins ten-12 hrs through S phase, 4-6 G2, 1-four mitosis.
- G1 stage, stop dividing, cycle through G0 phase once mature, jail cell bicycle arrest
- Prophase: replicated chromosomes condense, compact/ rod-like; packs long units into small-scale enough units to carve up. (nucleolus= disappears, finish RNA synthesis) centrosomes: divided into two parts
Interphase
The time interval between nuclear divisions. During this phase, a cell increases in mass, roughly doubles the cytoplasmic components and duplicates its chromosomes
During interphase cells abound, make structural proteins that repair damaged parts, transport nutrients to where they are needed, eliminate wastes, and set themselves for mitosis past edifice proteins. Proteins likewise function in the construction of enzymes that assistance chemical reactions, near of import of these reactions are those that command the synthesis of Dna and the replication of the genetic information in the chromosomes
During interphase genetic fabric is called chromatin
Chromatin – all the DNA molecules and associated proteins in the nucleus, when referred to as chromatin, the chromosomes are long, thin strands dispersed throughout the nucleus in a tangles, fibrous mass
- each chromosome duplicates itself during interphase and the original and duplicate are attached to each other by a centromere
- when attached to each other, original and duplicate are referred to as ('identical twin') sister chromatids
- since sister chromatids comprise identical genetic information, the pair, fastened at the centromere, is considered to be one chromosome
Prophase
- the FIRST stage of MITOSIS
- the chromosomes become visible under a microscope as the shorten and thicken
- in animal cells, a small-scale trunk of cytoplasm separates and its parts motility to opposite poles of the cell every bit the chromosomes become visible
- centrioles provide attachment for spindle fibres which serve as guide wires for the zipper and movement of the chromosomes during prison cell partitioning
- centrioles + spindle fibres = spindle apparatus
- virtually plant cells do not have centrioles, but spindle fibres withal form and serve a similar purpose
- centromere helps anchor the chromosomes to the spindle fibres
- when viewed under a microscope the nuclear membrane appears to fade; in effect information technology is dissolving allowing the separation of chromosomes and prison cell organelles
Metaphase
- the SECOND phase of MITOSIS
- chromosomes (composed of sister chromatids) motility towards the heart of the call, eye area is chosen equatorial plate because it is midway between the poles of the cell
- chromosomes appear every bit night, thick filamentous structures that are attached to spindle fibres
- even though they are most visible at this stage, it is still very difficult to count the number of chromosomes in virtually cells because the chromosomes are entangled
- chromatids can become intertwined during metaphase
Anaphase
- the Third phase of MITOSIS
- centromeres carve up and the sis chromatids, now referred to as chromosomes, move to opposite poles of the jail cell
- if mitosis happens correctly, the aforementioned number and type of chromosomes volition be found at each pole
- occasionally segments of the chromatids will break apart, and may reattach in anaphase
Telophase
- the FOURTH and Last phase of MITOSIS
- the chromosomes accomplish the reverse poles of the cell and begin to lengthen
- the spindle fibres deliquesce and a nuclear membrane forms around each mass of chromatin
- telophase is followed by cytokinesis, the sectionalization of cytoplasm
Cytokinesis
- once the chromosomes have reached opposite sides, the cytoplasm starts to divide
- cytokinesis appears to exist quite distinct from nuclear division
- beast cell – a furrow develops, pinching off the cell into 2 parts, this marks the terminate of jail cell partitioning
- plant cells – the separation is achieved by a cell plate the forms betwixt the ii chromatin masses, prison cell plate volition develop into a new cell wall, eventually sealing off the contents of the new cells from each other
- Cell Plate. Forms between the daughter nuclei and grows laterally until information technology divides the cytoplasm.
- Centrosome: a site near nucleus, from which microtubules radiate outward in all directions
- Centrosome= Microtubule organizing center (MTOC), made of pair of centrioles, at correct angles to each other
- Gets duplicated in South phase. Then divide until they reach opposite ends of the pole, microtubules extend from them.
- NO centrosome/ centrioles in flowering plants, microtubules comes from multiple MTOC effectually cell; when nuclear envelope break, information technology moves into onetime nuclear region.
- Contempo information shows that chromosomes "walk" to poles over stationary microtubules.
- CDK= Cyclin-dependent kinases. Regulators of cell division; directly command cell cycle
- Protein kinases, enzymes add together phosphates groups to target proteins. CDK enzymes called "cyclin dependent" because they are "switched on" merely when combined with another protein called a cyclin.
- Cyclin levels rise and fall during cell cycle -> therefore enzyme activity of the CDKs do to (fifty-fifty though the concentration of CDK proteins remain constant)
- G1- Due south checkpoint (Cyclin E- CDK2) G2-M (cyclin B- CDK 1) – tin't progress until prepare for mitosis
- Contact inhibition: stabilize cell growth in fully developed organs/ tissues.
- Cellular Senenscence: loss of proliferative ability over time. "Hayflick factors" : DNA harm/ telomere shortening.
- Accumulation of random damage to cell's Dna sequence, or chromosome structure; gets older and diminish function
- Telomeres; repetitive DNA added to ends of chromosomes, by telomerase. Dna replication unable to replicate unabridged; some of it is lose; once teleomeres diminish to min. length cell stop dividing; yous Dice!
- Senescence= important anti-tumour mechanism; increasing telomerase would cause cells to divide out of control, less telomerase= more resistant to cancer.
- Cancer occurs when jail cell lose control and divide rapidly. Cancer cells can move throughout body to effect other parts= Metastsis
- Mutation of CDK system and other proteins= turn into Oncogenes encode altered version of these products.
- Apoptsis: "programmed jail cell expiry" can result from external or internal factors. Skillful for cells suffering from: dna damage, viral infection, mutations
- Caspase: lawmaking for jail cell expiry
- Binary Fission: splitting into two parts- produce ii daughter cells from original parent (cytoplasmic growth, Deoxyribonucleic acid replication etc.
- Bacterial Chromosomes: circular Deoxyribonucleic acid molecules; founds in prokaryotes; Deoxyribonucleic acid replication takes upward bulk of fourth dimension for jail cell cycles- and so cytoplasm speedily divides.
- Replication of bacterial chromosome commences at a specific region chosen origin of replication; in eye of cell where enzymes for Deoxyribonucleic acid replication are located.
- Ori gets replicated; moves origins toward ends of cells 2 poles; as replication proceeds.
- Cytoplasmic division then occur, cell wall cuts the two replicated molecules in one-half.
Source: https://schoolworkhelper.net/cell-cycles-interphase-mitosis-cytokinesis/
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